Allowing Windows Update through Windows 10 Firewall

If your "Outbound Connections that do match a rule are blocked" is enabled / set to Block

AND

Windows Update cries "Error Encountered" "We couldn't connect to the update service. We'll try again later, or you can check now. If it still doesn't work, make sure that you're connected to the internet."

Then you need an outbound connection rule as follows:

Press start key

Type windows defender and open

Click Advanced Settings

Click Outbound Rules

Click New Rule

Click Custom

Click next

Click "This Program Path"

Click Browse

Browse to windows\system32\

select svchost.exe 

click Open

click Customize

click Apply to this servce

scroll down, click Windows Update

click ok 

click next

popup: "Windows Services have been rescricted with rules that allow...."

Click yes

Click Protocol Type

Select TCP

click remote port

select specific ports

type port: 433 

click next

click next

click Allow the connextion

click next

click which ever networks, i just allow Public

click next

Type name: windows update

click finish

You can now use windows update while keeping the outbound connections blocked for the profile.

I had to restart one of my PC's to get this to work for that PC.